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Henriade
''La Henriade'' is an epic poem of 1723 written by the French Enlightenment writer and philosopher Voltaire. According to Voltaire himself, the poem concerns and was written in honour of the life of Henry IV of France, and is a celebration of his life.〔''The Henriade'', p. IV〕 The ostensible subject is the siege of Paris in 1589 by Henry III in consort with Henry of Navarre, soon to be Henry IV, but its themes are the twin evils of religious fanaticism and civil discord. It also concerns the political state of France. Voltaire aimed to be the French Virgil, outdoing the master by preserving Aristotelian unity of place—a property of classical tragedy rather than epic—by keeping the human action confined between Paris and Ivry. It was first printed (under the title ''La Ligue'') in 1723, and reprinted dozens of times within Voltaire's lifetime.
== Structure ==
The poem, in ten ''chants'' or cantos, comprises two major parts; the first is strictly from an historical point of view, and its material is only factual. The second part is looser in its factual integrity, and draws more strongly from Voltaire's imagination. These "fictions", as Voltaire calls them, mostly relate to Henry IV, and "draw from the regions of the marvelous", and include "the prediction of Henry's conversion, of the protection given to him by Saint Louis, his apparition, the fire from Heaven destroying those magical performances which were then so common, etc."〔 Voltaire also stated that various other sections of the poem were purely allegorical: "for example, the voyage of Discord to Rome, Politics and Fanaticism personified, the temple of Love, the Passions and Vices, etc."〔
The poem was written in a reformed styling of the twelve-syllable Alexandrine couplet. He made this stylised hexameter for dramatic effect. Some commentators remarked that this particular rhythm of verse was unsuited to the content and theme of the poem. According to the poem's editor O.R. Taylor, the poem "rarely touches the sensibility of the modern reader"〔"''touche rarement la sensibilité du lecteur moderne" (Taylor's introduction, 1965, vol. I p. 9.)〕 and readers hoping for sublime fire will be disappointed, though Voltaire's verse is always idiomatic and never pedestrian. Voltaire's English ''Essay upon the Civil Wars in France. Extracted from Curious Manuscripts'' (1727) expresses his Enlightened opinions on these themes in a prose form that is more approachable to modern taste.
O.R. Taylor's critical edition of ''La Henriade''〔Voltaire, ''La Henriade''. Édition critique avec introduction et des notes par O.R. Taylor'' (Geneva: Institut et Musée Voltaire), 2 vols, introduction and text. 1965.〕 devotes a full volume to an introduction, accounting for the germination of the idea and its publication history, the contextual theory of the epic and sources both literary and in recent history and contemporary events, and the nineteenth-century decline in the poem's popularity. Taylor reprints eighteenth-century prefaces to the poem, which always carried critical apparatus in the form of Voltaire's own notes.
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